The most in-demand independent contractor skills on Upwork Inc. (NASDAQ: UPWK) last year included full-stack development, SEO and accounting.

The staffing platform announced its list of top skills today.

“We are experiencing a once-in-a-lifetime, tectonic shift in the notion of work,” said Margaret Lilani, VP of talent solutions at Upwork. Skilled professionals are gravitating toward the flexibility and other benefits of freelancing while the uncertain economic environment is pushing businesses to explore new solutions such as freelancing.”

Upwork announced the top skills in five categories:

Tech

1. Full-stack development
2. Front-end development
3. Back-end development
4. Mobile app development
5. Web design
6. Ecommerce website development
7. UX/UI design
8. CMS development
9. Manual testing
10. Scripting & automation

Marketing

1. SEO
2. Social media marketing
3. Other digital marketing
4. Lead generation
5. Sales & business development
6. Telemarketing
7. Search engine marketing
8. Email marketing
9. Marketing strategy
10. Marketing automation

Customer service and admin support

1. Email, phone & chat support
2. General virtual assistance
3. Data entry
4. Digital project management
5. General research services
6. Tech Support
7. Dropshipping & order processing
8. Community management
9. Market research
10. Transcription

Accounting and consulting

1. Accounting
2. Recruiting & talent sourcing
3. Bookkeeping
4. Financial analysis & modeling
5. Management consulting
6. Instructional design
7. HR administration
8. Business analysis & strategy
9. Tax preparation
10. Financial management/CFO

Design and creative

1. Graphic design
2. Video editing
3. Illustration
4. 3D animation
5. Presentation design
6. Image editing
7. Cartoons & comics
8. Product & industrial design
9. 2D animation
10. Video production

Methodology: Skills data was sourced from Upwork’s database and is based on US freelancer earnings from Jan. 1, 2022, to Oct. 31, 2022. Each skill had a minimum of 500 projects with active work during the period. Year-over-year growth in skills was estimated by comparing the freelancer earnings in 2022 to freelancer earnings in the same period in 2021.