Employees with flexible employment relationships earn on average 48% less per hour than employees with a permanent employment relationship, Statistics Netherlands reported.

It also found those with flexible work arrangements were younger and less educated than traditionally employed workers. And when adjusting for these characteristics, the wage difference would be only 7%.

Wages also differed by type of the flexible employment relationship. For on-call and temporary employees without fixed hours, the unadjusted wage difference is 58%. When adjusted for the differences in background, the difference is just 3%.